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Several open-source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition. The most prominent and popular example is the GNU General Public License GPL , which "allows free distribution under the condition that further developments and applications are put under the same licence", thus also free. The open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7, , in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscape's January announcement of a source code release for Navigator as Mozilla.
Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet , since , started the open-source movement, while others do not distinguish between open-source and free software movements. The Free Software Foundation FSF , started in , intended the word "free" to mean freedom to distribute or "free as in free speech" and not freedom from cost or "free as in free beer".
Since a great deal of free software already was and still is free of charge, such free software became associated with zero cost, which seemed anti-commercial.
With at least 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed software development versus open development already provided by the Internet developer community, the OSI presented the "open source" case to commercial businesses, like Netscape.
The OSI hoped that the use of the label "open source", a term suggested by Christine Peterson [7] [20] of the Foresight Institute at the strategy session, would eliminate ambiguity, particularly for individuals who perceive "free software" as anti-commercial. They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source.
Perens attempted to register "open source" as a service mark for the OSI, but that attempt was impractical by trademark standards. Meanwhile, due to the presentation of Raymond's paper to the upper management at Netscape—Raymond only discovered when he read the press release , [21] and was called by Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale 's PA later in the day—Netscape released its Navigator source code as open source, with favorable results.
The Open Source Initiative 's OSI definition is recognized by several governments internationally [23] as the standard or de facto definition. The definition was based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines , written and adapted primarily by Perens. Under Perens' definition, open source is a broad software license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-existent restrictions on the use and modification of the code.
It is an explicit "feature" of open source that it puts very few restrictions on the use or distribution by any organization or user, in order to enable the rapid evolution of the software. Despite initially accepting it, [31] Richard Stallman of the FSF now flatly opposes the term "Open Source" being applied to what they refer to as "free software". Although he agrees that the two terms describe "almost the same category of software", Stallman considers equating the terms incorrect and misleading.
When an author contributes code to an open-source project e. Some open-source projects do not take contributed code under a license, but actually require joint assignment of the author's copyright in order to accept code contributions into the project.
The proliferation of open-source licenses is a negative aspect of the open-source movement because it is often difficult to understand the legal implications of the differences between licenses. With more than , open-source projects available and more than unique licenses, the complexity of deciding how to manage open-source use within "closed-source" commercial enterprises has dramatically increased.
In view of this, open-source practitioners are starting to use classification schemes in which FOSS licenses are grouped typically based on the existence and obligations imposed by the copyleft provision; the strength of the copyleft provision. As a result, if end-users violate the licensing conditions, their license disappears, meaning they are infringing copyright. Certification can help to build user confidence. Certification could be applied to the simplest component, to a whole software system.
This project aims to build a desktop interface that every end-user is able to understand and interact with, thus crossing the language and cultural barriers. The project would improve developing nations' access to information systems. Raymond suggests a model for developing OSS known as the bazaar model. Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building a cathedral, "carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation".
In the traditional model of development, which he called the cathedral model, development takes place in a centralized way. Roles are clearly defined. Roles include people dedicated to designing the architects , people responsible for managing the project, and people responsible for implementation. Traditional software engineering follows the cathedral model. The bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly defined. Gregorio Robles [42] suggests that software developed using the bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns:.
Data suggests, however, that OSS is not quite as democratic as the bazaar model suggests. The average number of authors involved in a project was 5. Open-source software is usually easier to obtain than proprietary software, often resulting in increased use. Additionally, the availability of an open-source implementation of a standard can increase adoption of that standard. Moreover, lower costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS.
It is a good tool to promote a company's image, including its commercial products. Open-source development offers the potential to quicken innovation and the creation of innovation and social value.
In France for instance, a policy that incentivized government to favor free open-source software increased to nearly , OSS contributions per year, generating social value by increasing the quantity and quality of open-source software. It is said to be more reliable since it typically has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. Open source is not dependent on the company or author that originally created it.
Even if the company fails, the code continues to exist and be developed by its users. Also, it uses open standards accessible to everyone; thus, it does not have the problem of incompatible formats that may exist in proprietary software. It is flexible because modular systems allow programmers to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open-source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different programmers.
The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and personal goals speeds up innovation. Moreover, free software can be developed in accordance with purely technical requirements. It does not require thinking about commercial pressure that often degrades the quality of the software. Commercial pressures make traditional software developers pay more attention to customers' requirements than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer.
It is sometimes said that the open-source development process may not be well defined and the stages in the development process, such as system testing and documentation may be ignored. However this is only true for small mostly single programmer projects. Larger, successful projects do define and enforce at least some rules as they need them to make the teamwork possible. Consequently, only technical requirements may be satisfied and not the ones of the market.
It depends on control mechanisms in order to create effective performance of autonomous agents who participate in virtual organizations. In OSS development, tools are used to support the development of the product and the development process itself.
Revision control systems such as Concurrent Versions System CVS and later Subversion SVN and Git are examples of tools, often themselves open source, help manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project. Open-source projects are often loosely organized with "little formalised process modelling or support", but utilities such as issue trackers are often used to organize open-source software development.
Tools such as mailing lists and IRC provide means of coordination among developers. New organizations tend to have a more sophisticated governance model and their membership is often formed by legal entity members. Open Source Software Institute is a membership-based, non-profit c 6 organization established in that promotes the development and implementation of open source software solutions within US Federal, state and local government agencies.
OSSI's efforts have focused on promoting adoption of open-source software programs and policies within Federal Government and Defense and Homeland Security communities. Open Source for America is a group created to raise awareness in the United States Federal Government about the benefits of open-source software.
Their stated goals are to encourage the government's use of open source software, participation in open-source software projects, and incorporation of open-source community dynamics to increase government transparency.
Companies whose business centers on the development of open-source software employ a variety of business models to solve the challenge of how to make money providing software that is by definition licensed free of charge.
Each of these business strategies rests on the premise that users of open-source technologies are willing to purchase additional software features under proprietary licenses, or purchase other services or elements of value that complement the open-source software that is core to the business. This additional value can be, but not limited to, enterprise-grade features and up-time guarantees often via a service-level agreement to satisfy business or compliance requirements, performance and efficiency gains by features not yet available in the open source version, legal protection e.
The debate over open source vs. The top four reasons as provided by Open Source Business Conference survey [64] individuals or organizations choose open-source software are:. Since innovative companies no longer rely heavily on software sales, proprietary software has become less of a necessity.
Further, companies like Novell who traditionally sold software the old-fashioned way continually debate the benefits of switching to open-source availability, having already switched part of the product offering to open source code. With this market shift, more critical systems are beginning to rely on open-source offerings, [69] allowing greater funding such as US Department of Homeland Security grants [69] to help "hunt for security bugs.
Proprietary source distributors have started to develop and contribute to the open-source community due to the market share shift, doing so by the need to reinvent their models in order to remain competitive.
Many advocates argue that open-source software is inherently safer because any person can view, edit, and change code. According to the Free software movement 's leader, Richard Stallman , the main difference is that by choosing one term over the other i. The FSF [74] said that the term "open source" fosters an ambiguity of a different kind such that it confuses the mere availability of the source with the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it. On the other hand, the "free software" term was criticized for the ambiguity of the word "free" as "available at no cost", which was seen as discouraging for business adoption, [75] and for the historical ambiguous usage of the term.
Raymond and others. The term "open source" was originally intended to be trademarkable; however, the term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists. OSI Certified is a trademark licensed only to people who are distributing software licensed under a license listed on the Open Source Initiative's list. Although the OSI definition of "open-source software" is widely accepted, a small number of people and organizations use the term to refer to software where the source is available for viewing, but which may not legally be modified or redistributed.
Such software is more often referred to as source-available , or as shared source , a term coined by Microsoft in Before changing the license of software, distributors usually audit the source code for third party licensed code which they would have to remove or obtain permission for its relicense. Backdoors and other malware should also be removed as they may easily be discovered after release of the code. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could. Open-source software projects are built and maintained by a network of volunteer programmers and are widely used in free as well as commercial products.
While the term "open source" applied originally only to the source code of software, [92] it is now being applied to many other areas [93] such as Open source ecology , [94] a movement to decentralize technologies so that any human can use them. However, it is often misapplied to other areas that have different and competing principles, which overlap only partially. The same principles that underlie open-source software can be found in many other ventures, such as open-source hardware , Wikipedia , and open-access publishing.
Collectively, these principles are known as open source, open content , and open collaboration : [95] "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants, who interact to create a product or service of economic value, which they make available to contributors and non-contributors alike.
This "culture" or ideology takes the view that the principles apply more generally to facilitate concurrent input of different agendas, approaches, and priorities, in contrast with more centralized models of development such as those typically used in commercial companies. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 August Software licensed to ensure source code usage rights.
Open-source software shares similarities with free software and is part of the broader term free and open-source software. For other uses, see OSS. For broader coverage of this topic, see Open-source-software movement. Further information: History of free and open-source software.
Main article: Open-source license. Further information: Free software license. Main article: Open-source software development model. Main article: Business models for open-source software.
Main article: Comparison of open-source and closed-source software. Main article: Alternative terms for free software. See also: Comparison of free and open-source software licenses. Main article: Source-available software. Main article: List of free and open-source software packages. Main article: Open source model. See also: Open content and Open collaboration. Free and open-source software portal. Comparison of free and open-source software licenses Free software Free software community Free software license Free software movement List of free and open-source software packages Open content Open-source hardware Open Source Initiative Open-source license Open-source software advocacy Open Source Software Institute Open-source software security Open-source video game All articles with titles containing "Open source" Proprietary software Shared source Timeline of free and open-source software.
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Those were merely pleasant side effects of a motive that was, at its root, neither technical nor mercantile, but moral. Furthermore, the "free as in freedom" position forced a glaring inconsistency on corporations who wanted to support particular free programs in one aspect of their business, but continue marketing proprietary software in others. Charny 3 May Free and Open Source Software. IT Professional 12 6 November , pg. The problem with it is twofold. Second, the term makes a lot of corporate types nervous.
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The project management data can be accessed from a browser as well. Microsoft Office Project Portfolio Server allows creation of a project portfolio, including workflows, hosted centrally, so that the information is available throughout the enterprise, even from a browser.
It also aids in centralized data aggregation regarding the project planning and execution, and in visualizing and analyzing the data to optimize the project plan. It can also support multiple portfolios per project, to track different aspects of it. It also includes reporting tools to create consolidated reports out of the project data. Microsoft PerformancePoint Server allows users to monitor, analyze, and plan their business as well as drive alignment, accountability, and actionable insight across the entire organization.
It includes features for scorecards, dashboards, reporting, analytics, budgeting and forecasting, among others. Even though the ribbon can be hidden, PC World wrote that the new "ribbon" interface crowds the Office work area, especially for notebook users. As a result, users who were more familiar with the logic of the old menus would be somewhat frustrated with the new, more visually oriented ribbon.
The ribbon cannot be moved from the top to the side of the page, as floating toolbars could be. Some users with experience using previous versions of Microsoft Office have complained about having to find features in the ribbon. Others state that having learnt to use the new interface, it has improved the speed with which "professional-looking" documents can be created. Microsoft contractor Mike Gunderloy left Microsoft partially over his disagreement with the company's "sweeping land grab " including its attempt to patent the ribbon interface.
He says "Microsoft itself represents a grave threat to the future of software development through its increasing inclination to stifle competition through legal shenanigans. The new XML-based document file format in Microsoft Office is incompatible with previous versions of Microsoft Office unless an add-on is installed for the older version. PC World has stated that upgrading to Office presents dangers to certain data, such as templates, macros, and mail messages.
The new Word features for bibliographies only support a small number of fixed citation styles. Using XSLT, new styles can be added. Some extra styles, such as the standard Association for Computing Machinery publication format, are made freely available by third parties.
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